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Doctor Mitchell Duncan Institute for Health & Social Science Research / Research Office

Research Fellow

PhD B.HMSc (Hons)

Office Location
Room 1.28
Building 18
Contact Details
Email: m.duncan@cqu.edu.au
Phone: (07) 4930 6977 - Ext: 6977

    Currently employed with the Institute for Health and Social Science Research, as a Research Fellow in Population Health. My research areas are centred on understanding links between physical activity and sitting on health, the interaction between physical activity and sitting with other health behaviours on health, how built environments influence the decision to engage in physical activity. My research also has a strong focus on the use of IT-based interventions to promote physical activity and health.

    This research is currently underway in both adult and youth populations and has been funded by organsiations including the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Research Council (ARC), Heart Foundation and Queensland Government. I am also the project leader for the 10,000 Steps project www.10000steps.org.au

    Awards

    iMedical Apps & Medicine 2.0 mHealth Research Award, Medicine 2.0 Conference (Boston), (Awarded for my PhD’s research,Dr Morwenna Kirwan), 2012

    CQUniversity VC’s Emerging Researcher Award, 2011 

    Queensland Young Tall Poppy Award. Australian Institute of Policy & Science, 2010

    Australian Sports Medicine Federation Fellows Award – Best New Investigator (Physical Activity & Health Promotion), 2010

     

    Responsibilities

    Research Fellow in Population Health, Institute for Health and Social Science Research

    Projects currently underway include -

    10,000 Steps  www.10000steps.org.au

      My Personal Activity Advice - A RCT investigating the effectiveness of tailored videos in promotion physical activity via the internet (NHMRC - 1049369)

    Physical inactivity is one of the leading modifiable causes of morbidity and mortality in Australia. There is a need to develop and evaluate innovative physical activity interventions, which can be made available to large numbers of adults at low cost. The huge popularity of video-based internet applications provides excellent opportunities for innovative computer-tailored interventions. The proposed study aims to develop and compare the effectiveness of a video- and text-based computer-tailored physical activity interventions delivered via the internet. This study is being funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (2013-2016) valued at $697,086 and the researchers involved are Corneel Vandelanotte, Ron Plotnikoff, Mitch Duncan and Kerry Mummery.

    CATCH: Children, Active Travel, Connectedness and Health (ARC - Discovery Project DP1094495)

    The research aims to determine the independent mobility and active travel of a sample of Australian children aged 10-13 in a variety of settings (inner suburb, middle/outer suburb, regional town). This will be the first national study in Australia of children's behaviours in relation to the built and social environments. The use of a multi-disclipinary team of urban and transport planners, social geographers, and health promotion researchers will lead to an innovative and ground-breaking study that may influence current planning and design policies.

    iMATCH - Independent Mobility, Active Travel and Children's Health (ARC LP 100100344)

    This project investigates the role of policy interventions in influencing children's independent mobility, active travel and health. The project uses an inter-disciplinary approach to survey children aged 10-13 years old in a series of matched neighbourhoods, based around primary schools, where policy and programs differ but where built and social environments are similar. The research uses an audit of the environmental features of neighbourhoods and policy interventions used, surveys of children and their parents exploring their travel and outdoor play and their attitudes and perceptions towards travel, as well as objective measurement of children's activities using a combined accellerometry and GPS approach. www.griffith.edu.au/imatch

    WALK 2.0: Using Web 2.0 applications to promote health-related physical activity (NHMRC 589903)

    More then half of the Australian population do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity to achieve health benefits. Internet based physical activity interventions which include innovative technology have the potential to reach large groups of individuals and contribute to physical activity promotion. This study evaluates the efficacy and utility of Web 2.0 applications to promote physical activity.

    The ManUp Study: Using Information Technology to Promote Physical Activity and Nutrition to Middle-Aged Rural Men (Health Promotion Queensland)

    The ManUp Study was designed to investigate innovative approaches for delivery of physical activity and healthy nutrition messages to men living in rural areas. The substantive ManUp Study involved the development, testing, and dissemination of health promotion interventions delivered through information technology platforms including the internet (with Web 2.0 technologies) and mobile phone applications. www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/656

    Workplace Spatial Configurations and Sitting Time: Development of a new measure for use in population health surveys (CQUniversity Merit Grant)

    New evidence indicates that time spent sitting may be a risk factor for ill health independent of physical activity levels. Many Australians are employed in office based forms of employment spending considerable amounts of time in seated activities, partly because workplace configurations promote seating behaviours. Little information exists examining relationships between workplace configurations and sitting from a health perspective. This project will develop an instrument to assess characteristics of workplace configurations that affect sitting and examine the relationship between workplace configurations and sitting time as a risk factor for health. www.ijbnpa.org/content/10/1/16

    Effects of a standing desk intervention on occupational sitting time and selected cardiovascular risk factors: A pilot study. (CQUniversity Merit Grant)

    Physical inactivity is currently one of the leading modifiable causes of morbidity and mortality in Australia, with cardiovascular disease being the most expensive health condition in terms of direct healthcare expenditure. There is evidence that sedentary behaviour in general, and occupational sitting time in particular is related to negative health outcomes in terms of cardiovascular disease, yet there is a lack of intervention research that focuses on this issue. The current research will address this deficiency by studying the effect of a ‘standing desk' workplace-based intervention on sitting time and related cardiovascular disease markers in low-active desk-bound male workers.

    Editor

    Associate Editor. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.

    Invited Papers/Speaker

    Duncan, MJ. How do workplaces use 10,000 steps to improve physical activity? Invited presentation at the 2012 International Congress of Physical Activity and Public Health satellite meeting on workplace physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Brisbane, Australia. 2012

    Vandelanotte C, Duncan MJ, Di Milla L (2012). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour according to occupational type, role and roster: who should we target? Invited presentation at the 2012 International Congress of Physical Activity and Public Health satellite meeting on workplace physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Brisbane, Australia. 2012

    Duncan, MJ. Using GPS to measure physical activity. Invited Workshop presented at the 2010 Annual Conference of Sports Medicine Australia. Port Douglas, Australia. 2010

    Duncan, MJ. The ManUp Project: Promoting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating to middle aged men. Invited presentation at the University of British Columbia. Research on motion series: Innovative approaches to support physical activity. Kelowna, Canada. 2012.

    Completed Supervisions

    Completed Doctoral Supervision – Primary Supervisor

    Danya Hodgetts – Investigations and recommendations for sport development legacies resulting from the conduct of major sporting events. CQUniversity.

     

    Completed Doctoral Supervision – Co Supervisor

    Morwenna Kirwan – Application of smart phones to improve self management of diabetes. CQUniversity.

     

    Completed Masters Supervision - Primary Supervisor

    Christine Hanley - An examination of question form on responses in CATI surveys. CQUniversity.

    Grants
    2013-16 Vandelanotte, C. Plotnikoff, RC., Duncan, MJ., Mummery, WK.  National Health and Medical Research Council. APP1049369. My Personal Activity Advice – A RCT investigating the effectiveness of tailored videos in promoting physical activity using the Internet. $690,627

    2012-15 Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, MJ. & Happell, B., Research Advancement Award  Scheme. CQUniversity Web-based physical activity interventions for people with mental health conditions. $285,986

    2011-14    Fenning, A., & Duncan, MJ. Strategic Research Scholarship CQUniversity. Examining Cellular and Behavioural Mechanisms Linking Sitting Activity to Cardio-metabolic Risk. $135,000

    2010-13    Duncan, MJ. Queensland Health 63636. 10,000 Steps. $284,000
     
    2010-13    Duncan, MJ. Queensland Health & National Partnership Agreement on Preventive Health 63637. 10,000 Steps Workplaces. $283,000

    2010-13 Kolt, G., Maeder, A., Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, MJ., Caperchione, C., Mummery, W, K. National Health and Medical Research Council DP 589903. Walk 2.0: Investigating the internal and external validity of Web 2.0 applications in promoting physical activity. $896,350.

    2010-13 Curtis, CA., Burke, MI., Mummery, WK., Duncan, MJ., Whitzman, C & Tranter, PJ. Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP1094495. CATCH: Children, Active Travel, Connectedness and Health. $479,000.

    2010-13 Gleeson, B., Burke, MI., Mummery, WK., Duncan, MJ., Whitzman, C., Tranter, PJ., Curtis, CJ., Armit, C. Australian Research Council Linkage Project LP 100100344.  iMATCH: Independent Mobility, Active Travel and Children’s Health.  $240,000.

    2009-12    Mummery, W, K., Viljoen, P., Vandelanotte, C., Caperchione, C., Duncan, MJ., Kolt, G., Maeder, A., Karunkanithi, M., Sarela, A., Noakes, M. Population Health Queensland. Effectiveness of information technology strategies to support activity and diet modification in Queensland men aged 35-54 years. $799,656

    2008    Duncan, MJ., & Mummery, W, K. Grant in Aid, National Heart Foundation. 7 year follow-up of regional city dwellers: Longitudinal changes in the built environment and physical activity (G07B3114). $62,583.10.

    Refereed Articles

    1.    Kirwan, M; Duncan, MJ; Vandelanotte, C; Mummery, WK. Design, Development, and Formative Evaluation of a Smartphone Application for Recording and Monitoring Physical Activity Levels: The 10,000 Steps "iStepLog". Health Education and Behavior (2013).
        IF -1.536; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 50/131 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.  

    2.    Hanley, C.; Duncan, MJ. The Effect of Changes to Question Order on the Prevalence of 'Sufficient' Physical Activity in an Australian Population Survey. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. (2013).
        IF -1.951; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 36/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.
     
    3.    Di Milia, L ; Vandelanotte, C; Duncan, MJ. The association between short sleep and obesity after controlling for demographic, lifestyle, work and health related factors. Sleep Medicine. (2013).
        IF – 5.155; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 47/192 in Clinical Neurology.  

    4.    Vandelanotte, C; Caperchione, C; Ellison, M; George, E; Maeder A; Kolt, G; Duncan, MJ; Karunanithi, M; Noakes, M; Hooker, C; Viljoen, P; Mummery, K. What kind of website and mobile phone delivered physical activity and nutrition interventions do middle-aged men want? Journal of Health Communication. (2013).
        IF – 1.608; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 11/72 in Communication.
     
    5.    Clark, RA; Tideman, P; Tirimacco, R; Wanguhu, K; Poulsen, V; Simpson, P; Duncan, MJ; Van Itallie, A; Corry, K; Vandelanotte, C; Mummery,WK. A Pilot Study of the Feasibility of an Internet-based Electronic Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation (eOCR) Programme in Rural Primary Care. Heart Lung and Circulation. (2013).
        IF -1.196; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 86/117in Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems.  

    6.    Schoeppe, S; Duncan, MJ; Badland, H; Oliver, M; Curtis, C. Associations of children's independent mobility and active travel with physical activity, sedentary behaviour and weight status: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (2012).
        IF -3.034; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 8/85 in Sport Science.

    7.    Duncan, MJ; Rashid, M; Vandelanotte, C; Cutumisu, N; Plotnikoff, RC. Development and reliability testing of a self-report instrument to measure the office layout as a correlate of occupational sitting. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. (2013). Vol:16.
        IF – 3.828; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 12/79 in Nutrition & Dietetics, Ranked 14/79 in Physiology.

    8.    Duncan, S; Stewart, TI; Oliver, M; Mavoa, S; MacRae, D; Badland, HM; Duncan, MJ. Portable global positioning system receivers: Static validity and environmental conditions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. (2013). Vol:44, Issue:2, page: e19-e29.
        IF - 4.044; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 17/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Ranked 12/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    9.    Badland, HM; Oliver, M; Kearns, RA; Mavoa, S; Witten, K; Duncan, MJ; Batty, GD. Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults: Findings from the URBAN study. Social Science and Medicine. (2012). Vol:75, Issue: 8, page:1469-1476.
        IF – 2.699; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 5/37 in Social Sciences, Biomedical, Ranked 13/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    10.    Davies, CA; Vandelanotte, C; Duncan, MJ; van Uffelen, JGZ. Associations of physical activity and screen-time on health related quality of life in adults. Preventive Medicine (2012) Vol:55, Issue:1, page:46-49.
        IF – 3.216; JOURNAL RANK – Ranked 20/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Ranked 22/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    11.    Vandelanotte, C; Duncan, MJ; Plotnikoff, RC; Mummery, WK. Do participants' preferences for mode of delivery (text, video, or both) influence the effectiveness of a Web-based physical activity intervention? Journal of Medical Internet Research (2012). Vol:14, Issue: 1.
        IF – 4.409; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 1/23 in Medical Informatics, Ranked 20/155 in Health Care Sciences & Services.

    12.    Duncan, MJ; Vandelanotte, C; Rosenkranz, RR; Caperchione, CM; Ding, H; Ellison, M; George, ES; Hooker, C; Karunanithi, M; Kolt, GS; Maeder, A; Noakes, M; Tague, R; Taylor, P; Viljoen, P; Mummery, WK. Effectiveness of a website and mobile phone based physical activity and nutrition intervention for middle-aged males: trial protocol and baseline findings of the ManUp Study. BMC Public Health (2012). Vol:12, Issue:656.
        IF – 1.997; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 60/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    13.    Davies, C; Duncan, MJ; Vandelanotte, C; Hall, S; Corry, K; Hooker, C. Exploring the feasibility of implementing a pedometer-based physical activity program in primary school settings: A case study of 10,000 steps. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. (2012) Vol:23, Issue:2, pages:141-144.
        IF – 0.592; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 4, Ranked 113/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    14.    Duncan, MJ; Vandelanotte, C; Caperchione, C; Hanley, C; Mummery, WK. Temporal trends in and relationships between screen time, physical activity, overweight and obesity. BMC Public Health (2012) Vol:12, Issue:1.
        IF – 1.997; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 60/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health. Classified as “Highly Accessed” by BMC Public Health with over 1127 accesses of the article.

    15.    Kirwan, M; Duncan, MJ; Vandelanotte, C; Mummery, WK. Using smartphone technology to monitor physical activity in the 10,000 Steps program: a matched case-control trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. (2012) Vol:14, Issue:2.
        IF – 4.409; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 1/23 in Medical Informatics, Ranked 20/155 in Health Care Sciences & Services.

    16.    Caperchione, CM; Vandelanotte, C; Kolt, GS; Duncan, MJ; Ellison, M; George, E; Mummery, WK. What a Man Wants: Understanding the Challenges and Motivations to Physical Activity Participation and Healthy Eating in Middle-Aged Australian Men. American Journal of Men's Health. (2012). Vol:6, Issue:6, pages:453-461.
        IF – 1.152; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 3/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    17.    Vandelanotte, C; Duncan, MJ; Hanley, C; Mummery, WK. Identifying population subgroups at risk for underestimating weight health risks and overestimating physical activity health benefits. Journal of Health Psychology. (2011). Vol:16, Issue:5 pages:760-769.
        IF – 1.218; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 3/131 in Psychology, Clinical.

    18.    Caperchione, C; Mummery, WK; Duncan, MJ. Investigating the relationship between leader behaviours and group cohesion within women's walking groups. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. (2011). Vol:14, Issue:4, pages:325-330.
        IF – 3.034; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 8/85 in Sport Science.

    19.    Badland, HM; Oliver, M; Duncan, MJ; Schantzc, P. Measuring children's independent mobility: Comparing objective and self-report approaches Children's Geographies. (2011). Vol:9, Issue:2, pages:263-271.
        IF – 1.158; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 31/73 in Geography.

    20.    Oliver, M; Badland, H; Mavoa, S; Duncan, MJ; Duncan, S. Combining GPS, GIS, and accelerometry: Methodological issues in the assessment of location and intensity of travel behaviors. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. (2010). Vol:7, Issue:1, pages:102-108.
        IF – 1.951; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 36/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.
     
    21.    Badland, HM; Duncan, MJ; Oliver, M; Duncan, JS; Mavoa, S. Examining commute routes: Applications of GIS and GPS technology. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. (2010). Vol:15, Issue:5, pages:327-330.
        IF – NR. JOURNAL RANK – Not Ranked.

    22.    Duncan, MJ; Badland, HM; Mummery, WK. Physical activity levels by occupational category in non-metropolitan Australian adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. (2010). Vol:7, Issue:6, pages:718-723.
        IF – 1.951; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 36/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    23.    Vandelanotte, C; Duncan, MJ; Caperchione, C; Hanley, C; Mummery, WK. Physical activity trends in Queensland (2002 to 2008): Are women becoming more active than men? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. (2010). Vol:34, Issue:3, pages:248-254.
        IF – 1.203; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 100/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    24.    Humphries, B; Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK. Prevalence and correlates of resistance training in a regional Australian population. British Journal of Sports Medicine. (2010). Vol:44, Issue:9, pages:653-656.
        IF – 4.144; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 4/85 in Sport Science


    25.    Duncan, MJ; Winkler, E; Sugiyama, T; Cerin, E; Dutoit, L; Leslie, E; Owen, N. Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport: Do land uses and geographical scale matter? Journal of Urban Health. (2010). Vol:87, Issue:5, pages:782-795.
        IF – 2.130; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 36/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Quartile 2, Ranked 100/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    26.    Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK; Steele, RM; Caperchione, C; Schofield, G. Geographic location, physical activity and perceptions of the environment in Queensland adults. Health and Place. (2009). Vol:15, Issue:1, pages:204-209.
        IF – 2.669; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 36/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    27.    Badland, HM; Duncan, MJ. Perceptions of air pollution during the work-related commute by adults in Queensland, Australia. Atmospheric Environment (2009). Vol. 43, Issue: 36, pages:5791-5795.
        IF – 3.465; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 20/205 in Environmental Sciences, Ranked 10/71 Metrology & Atmospheric.

    28.    Badland, HM; Duncan, MJ; Schofield, GM. Using census data to travel through time in New Zealand: Patterns in journey to work data 1981- 2006 New Zealand Medical Journal. (2009). Vol:122, Issue:1296, pages:15-20.
        IF – NR; Journal - Not Ranked.

    29.    Caperchione, C; Lauder, W; Kolt, GS.; Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK. Associations between social capital and health status in an Australian population. Psychology, Health and Medicine. (2008). Vol:13, Issue:4, pages:471-482.
        IF – 1.178; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 71/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.
     
    30.    Duncan, MJ; Mummery, W; Kift, RL. Geographical location and sunburn in Queensland adults. Australian Journal of Rural Health (2008). Vol:16, Issue:3, pages:181-182.
        IF – 1.00; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 2, Ranked 42/99 in Nursing, Quartile 3, Ranked 71/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    31.    Caperchione, CM; Duncan, MJ; Mummery, K; Steele, R; Schofield, G. Mediating relationship between body mass index and the direct measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour on physical activity intention. Psychology, Health and Medicine (2008). Vol:13, Issue:2, pages:168-179.
        IF – 1.178; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 71/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    32.    Badland, HM; Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK. Travel perceptions, behaviors, and environment by degree of urbanization Preventive Medicine. (2008). Vol:47, Issue:3, pages:265-269.
        IF – 1.178; Ranked 20/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Ranked 22/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

    33.    Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK. GIS or GPS? A Comparison of Two Methods For Assessing Route Taken During Active Transport. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. (2007). Vol:33, Issue:1, pages:51-53.
        IF – 4.044; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 17/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Ranked 12/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.


    34.    Mummery, WK; Duncan, MJ; Kift, R. Socio-economic differences in public opinion regarding water fluoridation in Queensland. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. (2007) Vol:31, Issue:4, pages:336-339.
        IF – 1.203; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 3, Ranked 100/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    35.    Duncan, MJ; Mummery, WK; Dascombe, BJ. Utility of global positioning system to measure active transport in urban areas. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. (2007). Vol:39, Issue:10, pages:1851-1857.
        IF – 4.431; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 3/85 in Sport Science.

    36.    Duncan, M; Mummery, K. Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with physical activity among city dwellers in regional Queensland. Preventive Medicine. (2005) Vol:40, Issue:4, pages:363-372.
        IF – 3.216; Ranked 20/155 in Medicine, General & Internal, Ranked 22/158 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

    Reviews.
    37.    George, ES; Kolt, GS; Duncan, MJ; Caperchione, CM; Mummery, WK; Vandelanotte, C; Taylor, P; Noakes, M. A review of the effectiveness of physical activity interventions for adult males. Sports Medicine. (2012). Vol:42, Issue:4, pages:281-300.
        IF – 5.155; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 1/85 in Sport Science

    38.    Duncan, MJ; Badland, HM; Mummery, WK. Applying GPS to enhance understanding of transport-related physical activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. (2009). Vol:12, Issue:5, pages:549-556.
        IF – 3.034; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 8/85 in Sport Science.

    39.    Duncan, MJ; Spence, JC; Mummery, WK. Perceived environment and physical activity: A meta-analysis of selected environmental characteristics. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. (2005). Vol:2.
        IF – 3.828; JOURNAL RANK – Quartile 1, Ranked 12/79 in Nutrition & Dietetics, Ranked 14/79 in Physiology.

    Book Chapters.
    40.    Whitzman C, Romero V, Duncan M, Curtis C, Tranter P, Burke M. Links between children's independent mobility, active transport, physical activity and obesity. In: Waters E, Brockhoff J, Swinburn B, Seidell JC, Uauy R, editors. Preventing Childhood Obesity; 2010. p. 105-112.